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  • minocycline hydrochloride - Drug Summary

  • CLASSES

    Antiinfectives and Antiseptics for Local Oral Treatment
    Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tetracycline Antibiotics
    Oral Non-Retinoids for Acne
    Topical Antiinfectives for Acne
    Topical Rosacea Agents

    DEA CLASS

    Rx

    DESCRIPTION

    Tetracycline antibiotic available in oral, intravenous, periodontal, and topical formulations
    Used to treat acne vulgaris, rosacea, rickettsial infections, cholera, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, periodontitis
    Associated with permanent tooth discoloration

    COMMON BRAND NAMES

    Amzeeq, Arestin, Dynacin, Minocin, Minocin Kit, Minocin PAC, minolira, Myrac, Solodyn, Ximino, Zilxi

    HOW SUPPLIED

    Amzeeq Topical Aer Foam: 4%
    Arestin Periodontal Pwd: 1mg
    Dynacin/Minocin/Minocin Kit/Minocin PAC/Minocycline Hydrochloride Oral Cap: 50mg, 75mg, 100mg
    Dynacin/Minocycline Hydrochloride/Myrac Oral Tab: 50mg, 75mg, 100mg
    Minocin Intravenous Inj Pwd F/Sol: 100mg
    Minocycline Hydrochloride/Ximino Oral Cap ER: 45mg, 90mg, 135mg
    Minocycline/Minocycline Hydrochloride/minolira/Solodyn Oral Tab ER: 45mg, 55mg, 65mg, 80mg, 90mg, 105mg, 115mg, 135mg
    Zilxi Topical Foam: 1.5%

    DOSAGE & INDICATIONS

    For the treatment of relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of chancroid due to Haemophilus ducreyi.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of Campylobacter fetus infections.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis as an adjunct to amebicides.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections and upper respiratory tract infections.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of skin and skin structure infections due to Staphylococcus aureus.
    NOTE: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours.  Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours. Treat for 5 to 10 days for community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections. The addition of a beta-lactam may be warranted if beta-hemolytic streptococci coverage is necessary.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours. Treat for 5 to 10 days for community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections. The addition of a beta-lactam may be warranted if beta-hemolytic streptococci coverage is necessary.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of Rickettsial infections (e.g., murine typhus, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsial pox).
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea infections, including rectal infections in females, cervicitis, and urethritis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adult Males

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 100 mg PO every 12 hours for 5 days.

    Adult Females

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours for at least 4 days, with post-therapy cultures within 2 to 3 days.

    Male Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 5 days.

    Female Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for at least 4 days, with post-therapy cultures within 2 to 3 days.

    For the treatment of psittacosis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum caused by C. trachomatis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and chlamydia infection, including trachoma and chlamydial conjunctivitis.
    For the treatment of urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 100 mg PO every 12 hours for at least 7 days.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day) for at least 7 days.

    For the treatment of other chlamydia infections, including trachoma and inclusion bacterial conjunctivitis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of syphilis when penicillin is contraindicated.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours for 10 to 15 days. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 10 to 15 days.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day) for 10 to 15 days.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 10 to 15 days.

    For the treatment of granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis).
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Not recommended by guidelines. The FDA-approved dosage is 4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of bartonellosis due to Bartonella bacilliformis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of brucellosis in combination with streptomycin.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI).
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of bubonic or pharyngeal plague infection.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy in nonpregnant patients. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy.Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis. 

    Infants† and Children 1 to 8 years†

    4 mg/kg/dose PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy in nonpregnant patients.Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.

    Infants† and Children 1 to 8 years†

    4 mg/kg/dose IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.

    For the treatment of tularemia following exposure to Francisella tularensis.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours for 14 to 21 days. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours. The treatment of choice for tularemia is streptomycin when treating an individual patient or in a contained casualty setting, and is doxycycline in a mass casualty setting. The risk of serious infection following tularemia exposure supports the use of minocycline if antibiotic susceptibility testing, exhaustion of drug supplies, or allergic reactions preclude the preferred agents.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 14 to 21 days. The treatment of choice for tularemia is streptomycin when treating an individual patient or in a contained casualty setting, and is doxycycline in a mass casualty setting. The risk of serious infection following tularemia exposure supports the use of minocycline if antibiotic susceptibility testing, exhaustion of drug supplies, or allergic reactions preclude the preferred agents.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day) for 14 to 21 days. The treatment of choice for tularemia is streptomycin when treating an individual patient or in a contained casualty setting, and is doxycycline in a mass casualty setting. The risk of serious infection following tularemia exposure supports the use of minocycline if antibiotic susceptibility testing, exhaustion of drug supplies, or allergic reactions preclude the preferred agents.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 14 to 21 days. The treatment of choice for tularemia is streptomycin when treating an individual patient or in a contained casualty setting, and is doxycycline in a mass casualty setting. The risk of serious infection following tularemia exposure supports the use of minocycline if antibiotic susceptibility testing, exhaustion of drug supplies, or allergic reactions preclude the preferred agents.

    For the treatment of cholera.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of acne vulgaris, including non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.
    Topical dosage (4% foam)
    Adults

    Apply to affected areas once daily at least 1 hour prior to bed.[64696]

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    Apply to affected areas once daily at least 1 hour prior to bed.

    Oral dosage (extended-release tablets, Solodyn)
    Adults weighing 126 to 136 kg

    135 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 111 to 125 kg

    115 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 97 to 110 kg

    105 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 85 to 96 kg

    90 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 72 to 84 kg

    80 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 60 to 71 kg

    65 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 50 to 59 kg

    55 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 45 to 49 kg

    45 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 126 to 136 kg

    135 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 111 to 125 kg

    115 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 97 to 110 kg

    105 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 85 to 96 kg

    90 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 72 to 84 kg

    80 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 60 to 71 kg

    65 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 50 to 59 kg

    55 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 45 to 49 kg

    45 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Oral dosage (extended-release tablets, Minolira)
    Adults weighing 126 to 136 kg

    135 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 90 to 125 kg

    105 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 60 to 89 kg

    67.5 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 45 to 59 kg

    52.5 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 126 to 136 kg

    135 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 90 to 125 kg

    105 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 60 to 89 kg

    67.5 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 45 to 59 kg

    52.5 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Oral dosage (extended-release capsules, Ximino)
    Adults weighing 91 to 136 kg

    135 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 60 to 90 kg

    90 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Adults weighing 45 to 59 kg

    45 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 91 to 136 kg

    135 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 60 to 90 kg

    90 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years weighing 45 to 59 kg

    45 mg (1 mg/kg) PO once daily for 12 weeks for non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours as adjunctive therapy. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours as adjunctive therapy.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day) as adjunctive therapy.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours as adjunctive therapy.

    For the treatment of anthrax, clostridial diseases, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Fusospirochetosis or Vincent's infection), listeriosis, or yaws.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent oral doses are preferred, 100 to 200 mg PO initially, then 50 mg PO every 6 hours.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis.
    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    200 mg IV initially, then 100 mg IV every 12 hours (Max: 400 mg/day).

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    For meningococcal carriage eradication in asymptomatic carriers.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    100 mg PO every 12 hours for 5 days.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO once, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 5 days.

    For the treatment of Mycobacterium marinum infection.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    100 mg PO every 12 hours for 6 to 8 weeks has been used successfully in a limited number of cases.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours is general pediatric dose. In adults, 100 mg PO every 12 hours for 6 to 8 weeks has been used successfully in a limited number of cases.

    For the treatment of acne rosacea.
    Topical dosage (1.5% foam)
    Adults

    Apply as a thin layer over all areas of the face once daily at least 1 hour prior to bed.

    For the treatment of actinomycosis.
    Intravenous dosage
    Adults

    100 mg IV every 12 hours for 2 to 6 weeks, followed by oral therapy for 6 to 12 months. Shorter courses may be appropriate for less extensive infections.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours.

    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    100 mg PO every 12 hours for 6 to 12 months after IV therapy. Shorter courses may be appropriate for less extensive infections.

    Children and Adolescents 9 to 17 years

    4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO initially, then 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours.

    For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    100 mg PO twice daily. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 219 adults with active rheumatoid arthritis, 109 patients received minocycline for 48 weeks. At the end of the study, a statistically-significant improvement in both joint swelling and joint tenderness was observed. In another study over 2 years, minocycline led to an ACR50 in 18 of 30 patients who were DMARD-naive with a mean disease duration of 5.6 months +/- 3 months; 13 of the 18 were able to be tapered off prednisone. Clinical practice guidelines recommend DMARD monotherapy such as minocycline for patients with a disease duration less than 6 months and low disease activity regardless of poor prognostic feature presence and either moderate or high disease activity without poor prognostic features. For established disease, minocycline monotherapy is only recommended for patients with low disease activity without poor prognostic features.

    For the treatment of acute dental infection†, dentoalveolar infection†, or endodontic infection† including periodontitis in combination with conventional treatment (e.g., scaling and root planing).
    For aggressive periodontitis (juvenile periodontitis)†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Children 8 years and older and Adolescents

    2 mg/kg PO twice daily on day 1, then 2 mg/kg PO twice daily for 10 to 14 days.

    For use as an adjunct to scaling and root planing procedures for reduction of pocket depth in patients with adult chronic periodontitis.
    Subgingival dosage (Arestin)
    Adult

    The dose is dependent on the size, shape, and number of pockets being treated. In clinical trials, up to 122 unit-dose cartridges were used in a single visit and up to 3 treatments, at 3-month intervals, were administered in pocket depth of 5 mm or more.

    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)†
    Adult

    200 mg PO twice daily on day 1, then 100 mg PO twice daily for 10 to 21 days.

    For the treatment of bullous pemphigus†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    50 mg PO once daily, and if tolerated, increase dose to 100 mg PO once daily after 1 to 2 weeks. Minocycline treatment resulted in significant improvement in patients with bullous pemphigus.

    For the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated bone and joint infections† or an orthopedic device-related infection†.
    For the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated osteomyelitis†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO once then 100 mg PO every 12 hours plus oral rifampin for an additional 1 to 3 months (or longer for chronic infection or if no debridement performed) after initial therapy.

    For the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated prosthetic device infections†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO once then 100 mg PO every 12 hours plus oral rifampin beginning after the completion of IV therapy and continuing for 3 months for hip infections or for 6 months for knee infections.

    For the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated spinal implant infections†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    200 mg PO once then 100 mg PO every 12 hours plus rifampin for prolonged oral therapy after initial treatment; however, the optimal duration of parenteral and/or oral therapy is unclear. Oral therapy should be continued until spine fusion has occurred. Long-term oral suppressive therapy, such as minocycline 200 mg PO once then 100 mg PO every 12 hours, may be considered in select cases, especially if device removal is not possible.

    For plague prophylaxis†.
    For pre-exposure prophylaxis†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    100 mg PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.

    Pregnant patients

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.

    For post-exposure prophylaxis†.
    Oral dosage (immediate-release formulations)
    Adults

    100 mg PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.

    Pregnant patients

    200 mg PO initially, then 100 mg PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.

    †Indicates off-label use

    MAXIMUM DOSAGE

    Adults

    Intravenous formulation: 400 mg/day IV.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: 300 mg PO on day 1, then 200 mg/day PO.
    Extended-release oral formulations: 1 mg/kg/day (Max: 135 mg/day) PO.
    Subgingival formulation: Up to 122 unit-dose cartridges have been used in a single visit.
    Topical foam: 1 application/day.

    Geriatric

    Intravenous formulation: 400 mg/day IV.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: 300 mg PO on day 1, then 200 mg/day PO.
    Extended-release oral formulations: 1 mg/kg/day (Max: 135 mg/day) PO.
    Subgingival formulation: Up to 122 unit-dose cartridges have been used in a single visit.
    Topical foam: 1 application/day.

    Adolescents

    Intravenous formulation: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) IV on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) IV.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) PO on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) PO.
    Extended-release oral formulations: 1 mg/kg/day (Max: 135 mg/day) PO.
    Subgingival formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Topical foam: 1 application/day.

    Children

    12 years:
    Intravenous formulation: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) IV on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) IV.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) PO on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) PO.
    Extended-release oral formulations: 1 mg/kg/day (Max: 135 mg/day) PO.
    Subgingival formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Topical foam: 1 application/day.
     
    9 to 11 years:
    Intravenous formulation: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) IV on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) IV.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) PO on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) PO.
    Extended-release oral formulations: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Subgingival formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Topical foam: 1 application/day.
     
    8 years:
    Intravenous formulation: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) IV on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) IV.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 300 mg/day) PO on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day (Max: 200 mg/day) PO.
    Extended-release oral formulations: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Subgingival formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Topical foam: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
     
    1 to 7 years:
    Intravenous formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 6 mg/kg/day IV on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day IV have been used off-label.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 6 mg/kg/day PO on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day PO have been used off-label.
    Extended-release oral formulations: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Subgingival formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Topical foam: Safety and efficacy have not been established.

    Infants

    Intravenous formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 6 mg/kg/day IV on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day IV have been used off-label.
    Immediate-release oral formulations: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 6 mg/kg/day PO on day 1, then 4 mg/kg/day PO have been used off-label.
    Extended-release oral formulations: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Subgingival formulation: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Topical foam: Safety and efficacy have not been established.

    Neonates

    Safety and efficacy have not been established.

    DOSING CONSIDERATIONS

    Hepatic Impairment

    Although specific recommendations are not given, systemic minocycline should be used with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction.

    Renal Impairment

    Do not exceed minocycline doses of 200 mg/day IV or with PO immediate-release formulations in patients with renal impairment. Additionally, due to the magnesium sulfate heptahydrate component of the IV formulation, magnesium concentrations should be monitored in patients receiving this formulation. For extended-release formulations, decrease the total dosage either by reducing the recommended individual doses and/or by extending the time intervals between doses.

    ADMINISTRATION

    For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied Section.

    Oral Administration

    May be administered without regard to meals or milk. Administering with food may reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration.
    Administer with sufficient amounts of water to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration.
    Do not administer at bedtime or to patients with esophageal obstruction or compression because of increased risk of esophageal irritation or ulceration.
    Divalent and trivalent cations significantly affect absorption. Do not administer sucralfate (contains aluminum), oral iron supplements, or aluminum-, magnesium-, or calcium-containing antacids in conjunction with oral minocycline. Multivitamins containing manganese or zinc salts will also decrease absorption.

    Oral Solid Formulations

    Extended-release tablets (Solodyn) and capsules (Ximino): Swallow whole. Do not crush, chew, or split.
    Extended-release tablets (Minolira): Swallow whole. Do not crush or chew. Tablets may be split on the score line depending upon the dose.

    Injectable Administration

    Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.

    Intravenous Administration

    Reconstitution:
    Reconstitute 100 mg lyophilized powder with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection.
    Further dilute in 100 to 1000 mL of Sodium Chloride Injection, Dextrose Injection, or Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, or in 250 to 1000 mL of Lactated Ringer's Injection.
    Do not dilute with other solutions containing calcium due to possible precipitation especially in neutral and alkaline solutions.
    Additives or other medications should not be added to minocycline single-use vials.
    Storage: Final diluted product may be stored at room temperature for up to 4 hours or refrigerated at 2 to 8 degrees C (36 to 46 degrees F) for up to 24 hours.
     
    Infusion:
    Infuse over 60 minutes.
    Additives or other medications should not be infused simultaneously through the same IV line, including Y-connectors.
    If the same IV line is used for sequential infusion of additional medications, the line should be flushed before and after the minocycline infusion with Sodium Chloride Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, or Lactated Ringer's Injection.
    Oral therapy should be instituted as soon as possible to reduce the risk of thrombophlebitis.

    Topical Administration

    Wash hands before and after use.
    Before applying topical minocycline, clean affected area with a mild soap, rinse with water, and pat skin dry.
    Topical skin products are not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal therapy and are for external use only.

    Other Topical Formulations

    4% Foam Formulations
    Allow the can to warm to room temperature before the first use.
    Shake the can well.
    Express a small amount of topical foam (e.g. a cherry-sized amount) from the can onto the fingertips of the hand.
    Gently rub foam onto acne-affected parts of the face.
    Repeat as needed until all acne-affected parts of the face are treated.
    If acne is present on other parts of the body (neck, shoulders, arms, back, or chest), additional amounts of topical foam should also be applied to the affected areas.
    Do not bathe, shower, or swim for at least 1 hour after application.
    Apply the foam approximately the same time each day at least 1 hour before bedtime.
    Avoid heat, flame, and smoking during and immediately after applying the foam formulation.
    Use of minocycline may stain fabric.
    Storage: Store at room temperature; do not refrigerate. Do not expose the container to heat and/or store at temperatures above 120 degrees F (49 degrees C).
     
    1.5% Foam Formulations
    Allow the can to warm to room temperature before the first use.
    Shake the can well.
    Express a small amount of topical foam (e.g. a cherry-sized amount) from the can onto the fingertips of the hand.
    Apply a thin layer and gently rub foam onto the entire face.
    Repeat as needed until all parts of the face are treated.
    Do not bathe, shower, or swim for at least 1 hour after application.
    Apply the foam approximately the same time each day at least 1 hour before bedtime.
    Avoid heat, flame, and smoking during and immediately after applying the foam formulation.
    Use of minocycline may stain fabric.
    Storage: Store at room temperature; do not refrigerate. Do not expose the container to heat and/or store at temperatures above 120 degrees F (49 degrees C).

    Other Administration Route(s)

    Subgingival Administration
    Minocycline periodontal powder does not require local anesthesia for placement. The dry powder is packaged in a unit-dose cartridge, which is inserted into a cartridge handle to administer. The oral health care professional removes the disposable cartridge from its pouch and connects the cartridge to the handle mechanism. Professional sub-gingival administration is accomplished by inserting the unit-dose cartridge to the base of the periodontal pocket and then pressing the thumb ring in the handle mechanism to expel the powder while gradually withdrawing the tip from the base of the pocket. The handle mechanism should be sterilized between patients. The product does not have to be removed because it is bioresorbable; adhesive or dressing is also not required.

    STORAGE

    Amzeeq:
    - After dispensing, store at room temperature up to 77 degrees F and use within 90 days
    - Do not refrigerate
    - Do Not Store at Temperatures Above 120 degrees F (49 degrees C)
    - Flammable, keep away from heat and flame
    - For best results, product should be at room temperature before use
    - Prior to dispensing, store in refrigerator (36 to 46 degrees F)
    Arestin:
    - Avoid exposure to heat
    - Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F
    Dynacin:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store at controlled room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F)
    Minocin:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F
    Minocin Kit:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F
    Minocin PAC:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F
    minolira:
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F
    Myrac:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store at controlled room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F)
    Solodyn:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store at controlled room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F)
    Ximino:
    - Avoid excessive heat (above 104 degrees F)
    - Protect from light
    - Protect from moisture
    - Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F
    Zilxi:
    - After dispensing, store at room temperature up to 77 degrees F and use within 90 days
    - Do Not Store at Temperatures Above 120 degrees F (49 degrees C)
    - Flammable, keep away from heat and flame
    - Prior to dispensing, store in refrigerator (36 to 46 degrees F)

    CONTRAINDICATIONS / PRECAUTIONS

    General Information

    False elevations of urinary catecholamine levels may occur during minocycline therapy due to interference with the fluorescence test.

    Serious rash, tetracyclines hypersensitivity

    Minocycline is contraindicated in patients with known minocycline or other tetracyclines hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity reactions that included, but were not limited to anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria, rash, swelling of the face, and pruritus have been reported. Postmarketing cases of anaphylaxis and serious rash such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme have been reported with minocycline. Postmarketing reports have included cases of severe hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune syndromes including a lupus-like syndrome. Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), including fatal cases, have been reported with minocycline use. If this syndrome is recognized, the drug should be discontinued immediately. Patients may develop a rash or exfoliative dermatitis in conjunction with eosinophilia, and one or more of the following: liver, pulmonary, kidney, or cardiac complications, including pneumonitis, nephritis. or pericarditis.

    Hepatic disease, hepatitis, hepatotoxicity

    Hepatotoxicity has been reported with systemic minocycline; therefore, minocycline should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease and in conjunction with other hepatotoxic drugs. Hepatitis, including autoimmune hepatitis, and liver failure have been reported. Periodic laboratory evaluations of organ systems, including hepatic, should be performed during systemic therapy. Discontinue minocycline if signs or symptoms of hepatoxicity occur.

    Autoimmune disease

    Tetracyclines, including oral minocycline, have been associated with the development of autoimmune disease syndromes including a lupus-like syndrome manifested by a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, and swelling. Oral minocycline for the treatment of acne has been associated with the development of autoimmune vasculitis and liver disease. Sporadic cases of serum sickness have presented shortly after oral minocycline use. Appropriate laboratory tests (e.g., liver function tests, ANA, complete blood counts) should be performed in patients developing symptoms of fever, rash, arthralgia, and malaise. Consider discontinuing treatment in symptomatic patients. In some cases, no further treatment with minocycline should occur.

    Renal failure, renal impairment

    The antianabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in BUN. While this is not a problem in those with normal renal function, in patients with significantly impaired function, higher serum concentrations of minocycline or other tetracyclines may lead to azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and acidosis. Under such conditions, the BUN and serum creatinine should be monitored. If renal impairment exists, even usual oral or parenteral doses may lead to systemic accumulation of the drug and possible liver toxicity. The pharmacokinetics of minocycline in patients with renal impairment (CrCl less than 80 mL/minute) have not been fully characterized. Additionally, minocycline injection contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Accumulation of magnesium may occur in patients with renal impairment and renal failure; therefore, monitor serum magnesium concentrations in patients with renal impairment who are receiving intravenous minocycline.

    Increased intracranial pressure, papilledema, pseudotumor cerebri, visual disturbance

    Increased intracranial pressure (intracranial hypertension) or pseudotumor cerebri has been reported following treatment with minocycline and other tetracyclines. Clinical manifestations include headache, blurred vision, diplopia, and vision loss; papilledema can be found on fundoscopy. The condition will often resolve following treatment discontinuation; however, in some cases, the possibility of permanent vision loss exists. If visual disturbance occurs during treatment, prompt ophthalmologic evaluation is warranted. If an increase in intracranial pressure is identified, discontinue use of the drug. Pressures may remain elevated for weeks after cessation of therapy. Monitor the patient until stabilized. Women of childbearing age who are obese or who have a history of intracranial hypertension are at greatest risk. Avoid concomitant use with other medications known to increase intracranial pressure, such as isotretinoin.

    Sunlight (UV) exposure

    Photosensitivity is a risk of tetracycline therapy and has been reported with minocycline. Clinically, the effect appears like an exaggerated sunburn reaction. Direct sunlight (UV) exposure should be avoided or minimized.   Photosensitivity reactions are believed to be caused by accumulation of the drug in the skin and are mostly phototoxic in nature, but photoallergic reactions also can occur. Reactions can develop within a few minutes or up to several hours after exposure and can occur 1 to 2 days after discontinuation of the drug. Minocycline is less likely to produce this reaction than other tetracyclines. It is generally agreed that sunscreens do little to prevent this reaction.Patients who develop a sunburn while taking minocycline topical foam, should discontinue therapy.

    C. difficile-associated diarrhea, diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis

    Consider pseudomembranous colitis in patients presenting with diarrhea after antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary as pseudomembranous colitis has been reported to occur over 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents. Almost all antibacterial agents, including minocycline, have been associated with pseudomembranous colitis or C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) which may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

    AV block, cardiac disease

    Minocycline injection contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Closely monitor patients with AV block or cardiac disease (myocardial damage) who are receiving intravenous minocycline.

    Children, infants, neonates

    In general, minocycline tablets, capsules, and intravenous formulations should not be used in neonates, infants, and children under the age of 8 years. Tetracyclines may cause a permanent yellow-gray-brown discoloration of teeth and a reversible decrease in fibula growth rate caused by complexation with calcium in growing bone tissue. Tooth discoloration is more common during the long-term use of the drug but has been observed after repeated short-term courses. The use of drugs of the tetracycline class during tooth development in pediatric patients (fetal development, infancy, and childhood to the age of 8 years) should be avoided unless other drugs are not likely to be effective or are contraindicated.

    Geriatric

    In general, dose selection of minocycline for a geriatric patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) regulates medication use in residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). According to OBRA, use of antibiotics should be limited to confirmed or suspected bacterial infections. Antibiotics are non-selective and may result in the eradication of beneficial microorganisms while promoting the emergence of undesired ones, causing secondary infections such as oral thrush, colitis, or vaginitis. Any antibiotic may cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and hypersensitivity reactions.

    Dental work

    Minocycline microspheres (e.g., Arestin) has not been clinically tested for use during dental work for the regeneration of alveolar bone, either in preparation for or in conjunction with the placement of endosseous (dental) implants or in the treatment of failing implants. The minocycline microspheres for periodontal disease should be used cautiously in patients with a predisposition to oral candidiasis. The safe and effective use of this formulation has not been established for the treatment of periodontitis in patients with coexistent oral candidiasis. Also, minocycline microspheres have not been clinically tested in patients with immunosuppression (i.e., those with immune suppression from diabetes, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or HIV infection).

    Pregnancy

    Minocycline, like all tetracyclines, crosses the placenta and may cause fetal harm when administered during human pregnancy. In a nested, case-control study (n = 87,020 controls; 8,702 cases) within the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort, tetracycline use during early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.59, 95% CI: 1.97 to 3.41, 67 exposed cases); residual confounding by severity of infection may be a potential limitation of this study. Additionally, tetracyclines affect the dentin and enamel of developing teeth during the second and third trimesters and may cause permanent yellow or brown discoloration and enamel hypoplasia. Tooth development occurs during the last half of pregnancy, infancy, and childhood. Tooth discoloration (yellow-gray-brown) is more common during the long-term use of the drug but has been observed after repeated short-term courses. Tetracyclines, therefore, should not be used during pregnancy during the time of tooth development unless other drugs are not likely to be effective or are contraindicated. All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in premature human babies given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every 6 hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued. Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryotoxicity has been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. Post-marketing reports have included cases of congenital anomalies, including limb reduction. If minocycline is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking the medication, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Minocycline microspheres for periodontitis have not been clinically tested in pregnant women. Systemic exposure of topical minocycline is low, and it is not expected that maternal use of topical minocycline will result in significant fetal exposure.

    Breast-feeding

    Tetracyclines, including minocycline, are distributed in small amounts into breast milk. In general, tetracycline antibiotics, including minocycline, should not be used in breast-feeding mothers due to a theoretical risk of causing teeth discoloration, enamel hypoplasia, inhibition of linear skeletal growth, oral and vaginal thrush, or photosensitivity reactions in the nursing infant.[41812] A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.[35529] [41812] [58931] It is not known whether minocycline is present in human milk after topical administration to the nursing mother; therefore, breast-feeding is not recommended.[64696] [65496] Because tetracyclines bind to calcium in the maternal breast milk, the risk for oral absorption by the infant may be minimal.[47299] Doxycycline may be a potential alternative within the same class to consider during breast-feeding; after doses of 100 mg or 200 mg PO, milk concentrations do not exceed an average of 1.8 mg/L.[33777] [33778] [33779] [33780] Based on breast milk concentrations after doxycycline doses of 100 mg/day, the estimated average intake of an exclusively breastfed infant would be about 6% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage.[33776]

    Infertility, reproductive risk

    Avoid using minocycline in males who are attempting to conceive a child. Minocycline may be associated with reproductive risk. Limited human and animal studies suggest that minocycline may cause spermatogenesis inhibition that may lead to infertility in males.

    Driving or operating machinery

    Systemic minocycline can cause dizziness, light-headedness, or vertigo; therefore, patients should know how they react to the drug before driving or operating machinery.

    Tobacco smoking

    Minocycline foam is flammable. Avoid heat, flame, and tobacco smoking during and immediately following application. Do not puncture or burn the foam container.

    ADVERSE REACTIONS

    Severe

    flushing / Rapid / 0.9-0.9
    erythema / Early / 0.7-0.7
    xerosis / Delayed / 0.1-0.1
    pancreatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    esophageal ulceration / Delayed / Incidence not known
    enterocolitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    odynophagia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    hepatic failure / Delayed / Incidence not known
    C. difficile-associated diarrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known
    pancytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    hemolytic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) / Delayed / Incidence not known
    erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
    Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
    exfoliative dermatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    erythema nodosum / Delayed / Incidence not known
    vasculitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    serum sickness / Delayed / Incidence not known
    lupus-like symptoms / Delayed / Incidence not known
    myocarditis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    anaphylactic shock / Rapid / Incidence not known
    pericarditis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
    teratogenesis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    renal failure (unspecified) / Delayed / Incidence not known
    azotemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    interstitial nephritis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    seizures / Delayed / Incidence not known
    increased intracranial pressure / Early / Incidence not known
    bronchospasm / Rapid / Incidence not known
    hearing loss / Delayed / Incidence not known
    new primary malignancy / Delayed / Incidence not known

    Moderate

    telangiectasia / Delayed / 18.8-18.8
    stomatitis / Delayed / 6.4-6.4
    oral ulceration / Delayed / 5.0-5.0
    dysphagia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    glossitis / Early / Incidence not known
    esophagitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / Incidence not known
    hepatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    hyperbilirubinemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    cholestasis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    jaundice / Delayed / Incidence not known
    vaginitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    candidiasis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    superinfection / Delayed / Incidence not known
    pseudomembranous colitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    thrombocytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    neutropenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    eosinophilia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    lymphadenopathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
    enamel hypoplasia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    pseudotumor cerebri / Delayed / Incidence not known
    hyperesthesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    phlebitis / Rapid / Incidence not known
    pneumonitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
    dyspnea / Early / Incidence not known
    hypermagnesemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    infertility / Delayed / Incidence not known

    Mild

    anorexia / Delayed / 30.0-40.0
    nausea / Early / 30.0-40.0
    vomiting / Early / 30.0-40.0
    pruritus / Rapid / 5.0-23.3
    headache / Early / 3.0-23.0
    dental pain / Delayed / 9.9-9.9
    dental caries / Delayed / 9.9-9.9
    gingivitis / Delayed / 9.2-9.2
    dizziness / Early / 9.0-9.0
    fatigue / Early / 9.0-9.0
    infection / Delayed / 3.8-7.6
    influenza / Delayed / 5.0-5.0
    pharyngitis / Delayed / 4.3-4.3
    dyspepsia / Early / 4.0-4.0
    malaise / Early / 4.0-4.0
    urticaria / Rapid / 2.0-2.0
    drowsiness / Early / 2.0-2.0
    tinnitus / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
    xerostomia / Early / 1.0-1.0
    arthralgia / Delayed / 1.0-1.0
    myalgia / Early / 1.0-1.0
    vertigo / Early / 1.0-1.0
    diarrhea / Early / Incidence not known
    fever / Early / Incidence not known
    maculopapular rash / Early / Incidence not known
    photosensitivity / Delayed / Incidence not known
    rash / Early / Incidence not known
    skin hyperpigmentation / Delayed / Incidence not known
    alopecia / Delayed / Incidence not known
    nail discoloration / Delayed / Incidence not known
    purpura / Delayed / Incidence not known
    tooth discoloration / Delayed / Incidence not known
    tongue discoloration / Delayed / Incidence not known
    paresthesias / Delayed / Incidence not known
    injection site reaction / Rapid / Incidence not known
    cough / Delayed / Incidence not known
    spermatogenesis inhibition / Delayed / Incidence not known
    Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction / Early / Incidence not known

    DRUG INTERACTIONS

    Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Diphenhydramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Pyrilamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine : (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Pamabrom; Pyrilamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acetaminophen; Pentazocine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as pentazocine. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Acitretin: (Contraindicated) The concomitant use of acitretin and systemic tetracyclines is contraindicated, due to the potential for increased cranial pressure and an increased risk of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension). Pseudotumor cerebri has been reported with systemic retinoid use alone and early signs and symptoms include papilledema, headache, nausea, vomiting and visual disturbances.
    Acrivastine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Alfentanil: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Alprazolam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Aluminum Hydroxide: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Carbonate: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Trisilicate: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Amide local anesthetics: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Amitriptyline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Amobarbital: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Amoxapine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as heterocyclic antidepressants (i.e., amoxapine, maprotiline, mirtazapine, and trazodone). Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Amoxicillin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Amoxicillin; Clavulanic Acid: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Ampicillin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Ampicillin; Sulbactam: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Antacids: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Articaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Major) Early reports noted an increase in the excretion of tetracyclines during coadministration with sodium bicarbonate, and that the oral absorption of tetracyclines is reduced by sodium bicarbonate via increased gastric pH. However, conflicting data have been reported, and further study is needed. Two recent studies show no effect of oral sodium bicarbonate administration on tetracycline oral bioavailability. In one of these trials, coadministration with sodium bicarbonate was reported to have no effect on tetracycline urinary excretion, Cmax, or AUC. Until more information is available, avoid simultaneous administration of sodium bicarbonate and tetracyclines. When concurrent therapy is needed, stagger administration times by several hours to minimize the potential for interaction, and monitor for antimicrobial efficacy.
    Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Atropine; Difenoxin: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants like diphenoxylate. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Barbiturates: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Belladonna; Opium: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Benzodiazepines: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Bexarotene: (Major) The concomitant use of systemic retinoid therapy, such as bexarotene, and systemic tetracyclines should be avoided due to the potential for increased cranial pressure and an increased risk of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension). Pseudotumor cerebri has been reported with systemic retionoid use alone and early signs and symptoms include papilledema, headache, nausea, vomiting and visual disturbances.
    Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Separate administration of oral tetracyclines and bismuth subsalicylate by at least 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of oral tetracyclines which may decrease their efficacy. Some data suggest that this interaction may only apply to administration with bismuth subsalicylate suspension.
    Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Moderate) Separate administration of oral tetracyclines and bismuth subsalicylate by at least 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of oral tetracyclines which may decrease their efficacy. Some data suggest that this interaction may only apply to administration with bismuth subsalicylate suspension.
    Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Separate administration of oral tetracyclines and bismuth subsalicylate by at least 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of oral tetracyclines which may decrease their efficacy. Some data suggest that this interaction may only apply to administration with bismuth subsalicylate suspension.
    Brompheniramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Brompheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine; Dextromethorphan: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Bupivacaine Liposomal: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Bupivacaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Bupivacaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Buprenorphine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as buprenorphine. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as buprenorphine. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Butabarbital: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Butorphanol: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as butorphanol. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Calcium Acetate: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Carbonate: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Carbonate; Famotidine; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Carbonate; Risedronate: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Carbonate; Simethicone: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Chloride: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium Gluconate: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Calcium; Vitamin D: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Carbinoxamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Carbinoxamine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Carbinoxamine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Carbinoxamine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlophedianol; Dexbrompheniramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlophedianol; Dexchlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorcyclizine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlordiazepoxide: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlordiazepoxide; Amitriptyline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chloroprocaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Concurrent administration of oral zinc salts with oral tetracyclines can decrease the absorption of these antiinfectives and possibly interfere with their therapeutic response. This is a result of the formation of insoluble chelates between zinc and the antiinfective. Oral zinc supplements should be administered at least 6 hours before or 2 hours after administering tetracyclines. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Chlorpromazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Cholera Vaccine: (Major) Avoid the live cholera vaccine in patients that have received minocycline within 14 days prior to vaccination. Concurrent administration of the live cholera vaccine with antibiotics active against cholera, such as minocycline, may diminish vaccine efficacy and result in suboptimal immune response. A duration of fewer than 14 days between stopping antibiotics and vaccination might also be acceptable in some clinical settings if travel cannot be avoided before 14 days have elapsed after stopping antibiotics.
    Cholestyramine: (Major) Colestipol has been shown to reduce tetracycline absorption by roughly 50%. It is likely this is enough to cause a clinically significant effect. Although no data are available for other tetracyclines, or for cholestyramine, it should be assumed that any tetracycline antibiotic may be affected similarly by either cholestyramine or colestipol. Staggering oral doses of each agent is recommended to minimize this pharmacokinetic interaction. To minimize drug interactions, administer tetracyclines at least 1 hour before or at least 4 to 6 hours after the administration of cholestyramine. Since doxycycline undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, it may be even more susceptible to this drug interaction than the other tetracyclines.
    Chromium: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Clemastine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Clomipramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Clonazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Clorazepate: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Cocaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Codeine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Codeine; Promethazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Colesevelam: (Moderate) Colesevelam may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines. To minimize potential for interactions, consider administering oral tetracyclines at least 4 hours before colesevelam. The manufacturer for colesevelam suggests monitoring serum drug concentrations and/or clinical effects for those drugs for which alterations in serum blood concentrations have a clinically significant effect on safety or efficacy.
    Colestipol: (Major) Colestipol has been shown to reduce tetracycline absorption by roughly 50%. It is likely this is enough to cause a clinically significant effect. Although no data are available for other tetracyclines, it should be assumed that any tetracycline antibiotic may be affected similarly by colestipol. Staggering oral doses of each agent is recommended to minimize this pharmacokinetic interaction; administer tetracyclines at least 1 hour before or at least 4 to 6 hours after the administration of colestipol. Since doxycycline undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, it may be even more susceptible to this drug interaction than the other tetracyclines.
    Cyclizine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Cyproheptadine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Desipramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Dexbrompheniramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Dexbrompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Dexchlorpheniramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Diazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Dicloxacillin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Didanosine, ddI: (Major) Tetracyclines should not be administered simultaneously with didanosine, ddI chewable tablets or powder for oral solution. The buffering agents contained in didanosine tablets and powder reduce tetracycline absorption. Administer oral doses of tetracycline antibiotics 1 hour before or 4 hours after didanosine tablet or powder administration. The delayed-release didanosine capsules do not contain a buffering agent and would not be expected to interact with tetracycline antibiotics.
    Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives containing estrogens due to stimulation of estrogen metabolism or a reduction in estrogen enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with oral contraceptives (OCs) and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma levels of oral contraceptives. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review of the subject concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Digoxin: (Major) Measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating tetracyclines. Reduce digoxin concentrations by decreasing the digoxin dose by approximately 30 to 50% or by modifying the dosing frequency, and continue monitoring. In approximately 10% of patients, a small portion of a digoxin dose is metabolized in the gut by intestinal Eubacterium lentum, an anaerobic bacillus, to inactive digoxin reduction products (DRPs). DRPs have little cardiac activity due to poor cardiac receptor binding and rapid excretion. Certain antibiotics can reduce the activity of intestinal bacteria, which, in turn, may enhance digoxin bioavailability via decreased DRP formation and increased enterohepatic recycling of digoxin in some patients. The addition of tetracycline to digoxin therapy has been reported to increase the serum digoxin concentration by 100%. Digoxin toxicity has been reported in patients previously stabilized on digoxin who receive antibiotics that affect E. lentum, such as tetracyclines. Other antibiotics that have activity against E. lentum may produce similar effects on digoxin metabolism. Additionally, injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Magnesium salts, such as magnesium sulfate, can antagonize the electrophysiologic effects of cardiac glycosides such as digoxin.
    Dimenhydrinate: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Diphenhydramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Diphenoxylate; Atropine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants like diphenoxylate. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Doxepin: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Doxylamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Doxylamine; Pyridoxine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Drospirenone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Estazolam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Ester local anesthetics: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone: (Moderate) It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives containing estrogens due to stimulation of estrogen metabolism or a reduction in estrogen enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with oral contraceptives (OCs) and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma levels of oral contraceptives. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review of the subject concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Estradiol: (Moderate) It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives containing estrogens due to stimulation of estrogen metabolism or a reduction in estrogen enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with oral contraceptives (OCs) and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma levels of oral contraceptives. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review of the subject concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Etomidate: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as general anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. Additionally, the concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Use caution when administering other tetracyclines.
    Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Fentanyl: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Ferric Maltol: (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Fluphenazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Flurazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Folic Acid, Vitamin B9: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    General anesthetics: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as general anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. Additionally, the concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Use caution when administering other tetracyclines.
    Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Halobetasol; Tazarotene: (Moderate) The manufacturer states that tazarotene should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as tetracyclines, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
    Heparin: (Minor) Tetracyclines may partially counteract the anticoagulant actions of heparin, according to the product labels. However, this interaction is not likely of clinical significance in most patients since heparin therapy is adjusted to the partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and other clinical parameters of the patient.
    Heterocyclic antidepressants: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as heterocyclic antidepressants (i.e., amoxapine, maprotiline, mirtazapine, and trazodone). Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Hydrocodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Hydromorphone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Hydroxyzine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Imipramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Insoluble Prussian Blue: (Moderate) The binding of Insoluble Prussian Blue to some orally administered therapeutic drugs and essential nutrients is possible. The blood concentrations and/or clinical response to critical coadministered products should be monitored during Insoluble Prussian Blue therapy.
    Iron Salts: (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Iron Sucrose, Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of tetracyclines will be significantly reduced by orally administered compounds that contain iron salts. To minimize the potential for this interaction, administer tetracycline antibiotics at least 1 hour before oral iron sucrose, sucroferric oxyhydroxide.
    Iron: (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Isoflurane: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as general anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. Additionally, the concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Use caution when administering other tetracyclines.
    Isotretinoin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of isotretinoin and systemic tetracyclines due to the potential for increased cranial pressure and an increased risk of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension). Pseudotumor cerebri has been reported with both systemic retinoid and tetracycline use alone. Early signs and symptoms include papilledema, headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances.
    Ketamine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as general anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. Additionally, the concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Use caution when administering other tetracyclines.
    Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Lanthanum Carbonate: (Major) Oral compounds known to interact with antacids, like tetracyclines, should not be taken within 2 hours of dosing with lanthanum carbonate. If these agents are used concomitantly, space the dosing intervals appropriately. Monitor serum concentrations and clinical condition.
    Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Levorphanol: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Lidocaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Lidocaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Lidocaine; Prilocaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Lomitapide: (Moderate) Caution should be exercised when lomitapide is used with other medications known to have potential for hepatotoxicity, such as tetracyclines. The effect of concomitant administration of lomitapide with other hepatotoxic medications is unknown. More frequent monitoring of liver-related tests may be warranted.
    Lorazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Magnesium Citrate: (Moderate) Administer magnesium citrate at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after orally administered tetracyclines. Tetracycline absorption may be reduced as tetracycline antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
    Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Separate administration of minocycline and antacids by 2 to 3 hours. Coadministration may impair absorption of minocycline which may decrease its efficacy.
    Magnesium Salts: (Moderate) Administer oral magnesium-containing products at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after orally administered tetracyclines. Tetracycline absorption may be reduced as tetracycline antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
    Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Sulfate; Sodium Sulfate: (Major) Administer tetracyclines at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of tetracyclines may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
    Magnesium: (Moderate) Administer oral magnesium-containing products at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after orally administered tetracyclines. Tetracycline absorption may be reduced as tetracycline antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
    Maprotiline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as heterocyclic antidepressants (i.e., amoxapine, maprotiline, mirtazapine, and trazodone). Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Meclizine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Meperidine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Meperidine; Promethazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Mepivacaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Mestranol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Methadone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Methohexital: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Methotrexate: (Moderate) Monitor for methotrexate-related adverse reactions during concomitant tetracyclines use. Tetracyclines may decrease intestinal absorption of methotrexate or interfere with the enterohepatic circulation by inhibiting bowel flora and suppressing metabolism of methotrexate by bacteria.
    Methoxsalen: (Moderate) Use methoxsalen and tetracyclines together with caution; the risk of severe burns/photosensitivity may be additive. If concurrent use is necessary, closely monitor patients for signs or symptoms of skin toxicity.
    Midazolam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Mipomersen: (Moderate) Caution should be exercised when mipomersen is used with other medications known to have potential for hepatotoxicity, such as tetracyclines. The effect of concomitant administration of mipomersen with other hepatotoxic medications is unknown. More frequent monitoring of liver-related tests may be warranted.
    Molindone: (Major) The tablet formulation of molindone contains calcium sulfate as an excipient and the calcium ions may interfere with the absorption of tetracyclines. It may be advisable to consider an alternative to tetracycline treatment during molindone administration.
    Morphine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Morphine; Naltrexone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Nafcillin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Nalbuphine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as nalbuphine. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Nefazodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as nefazodone. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Neuromuscular blockers: (Moderate) Concomitant use of neuromuscular blockers and tetracyclines may prolong neuromuscular blockade. The use of a peripheral nerve stimulator is strongly recommended to evaluate the level of neuromuscular blockade, to assess the need for additional doses of neuromuscular blocker, and to determine whether adjustments need to be made to the dose with subsequent administration.
    Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available. (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available. (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Nortriptyline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Oliceridine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Major) Early reports noted an increase in the excretion of tetracyclines during coadministration with sodium bicarbonate, and that the oral absorption of tetracyclines is reduced by sodium bicarbonate via increased gastric pH. However, conflicting data have been reported, and further study is needed. Two recent studies show no effect of oral sodium bicarbonate administration on tetracycline oral bioavailability. In one of these trials, coadministration with sodium bicarbonate was reported to have no effect on tetracycline urinary excretion, Cmax, or AUC. Until more information is available, avoid simultaneous administration of sodium bicarbonate and tetracyclines. When concurrent therapy is needed, stagger administration times by several hours to minimize the potential for interaction, and monitor for antimicrobial efficacy.
    Opiate Agonists: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Oral Contraceptives: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Oxacillin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Oxazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Oxycodone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Oxymorphone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Penicillin G Benzathine: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Procaine: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Penicillin G Procaine: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Penicillin G: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Penicillin V: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Penicillins: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Pentazocine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as pentazocine. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Pentazocine; Naloxone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as pentazocine. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Pentobarbital: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Perphenazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Pexidartinib: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of hepatotoxicity if pexidartinib is coadministered with minocycline. Avoid concurrent use in patients with increased serum transaminases, total bilirubin, or direct bilirubin (more than ULN) or active liver or biliary tract disease.
    Phenobarbital: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Phenothiazines: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Photosensitizing agents (topical): (Moderate) Tetracyclines cause photosensitivity and may increase the photosensitizing effects photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
    Piperacillin; Tazobactam: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Polycarbophil: (Major) Coadministration of calcium polycarbophil with orally administered tetracyclines can decrease the absorption of tetracyclines; oral doses of tetracyclines should be given 2 hours before or after the administration of calcium polycarbophil. Each 625 mg of calcium polycarbophil contains a substantial amount of calcium (approximately 125 mg). This effect is presumably due to the chelation of the antibiotic by the calcium.
    Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes: (Major) Administer tetracyclines at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of tetracyclines may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
    Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes; Ascorbic Acid: (Major) Administer tetracyclines at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of tetracyclines may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
    Polysaccharide-Iron Complex: (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Porfimer: (Major) Avoid coadministration of porfimer with tetracyclines due to the risk of increased photosensitivity. Porfimer is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy; all patients treated with porfimer will be photosensitive. Concomitant use of other photosensitizing agents like tetracyclines may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
    Pretomanid: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pretomanid with minocycline, especially in patients with impaired hepatic function, due to increased risk for hepatotoxicity. Monitor for evidence of hepatotoxicity if coadministration is necessary. If new or worsening hepatic dysfunction occurs, discontinue hepatotoxic medications.
    Prilocaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Prilocaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Primidone: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Procaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Prochlorperazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Promethazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Propofol: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as general anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. Additionally, the concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Use caution when administering other tetracyclines.
    Protriptyline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Pseudoephedrine; Triprolidine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Pyridostigmine: (Moderate) Parenteral administration of high doses of certain antibiotics such as tetracyclines may intensify or produce neuromuscular block through their own pharmacologic actions. If unexpected prolongation of neuromuscular block or resistance to its reversal with pyridostigmine occurs, consider the possibility of an antibiotic effect.
    Pyridoxine, Vitamin B6: (Moderate) Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain calcium salts, particularly if the time of administration is within 60 minutes of each other. Calcium salts and tetracyclines should not be administered within 1 to 2 hours of each other, although doxycycline chelates less with calcium than other tetracyclines.
    Pyrilamine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Quazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Quinapril: (Major) Tetracycline absorption is reduced by about 28 to 37% with coadministration with quinapril, presumably due to the magnesium in the quinapril tablet. This interaction should be taken into account when prescribing tetracyclines with quinapril.
    Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Tetracycline absorption is reduced by about 28 to 37% with coadministration with quinapril, presumably due to the magnesium in the quinapril tablet. This interaction should be taken into account when prescribing tetracyclines with quinapril.
    Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Remifentanil: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Remimazolam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Riluzole: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of hepatic injury during coadministration of riluzole and minocycline. Concomitant use may increase the risk for hepatotoxicity. Discontinue riluzole if clinical signs of liver dysfunction are present.
    Ropivacaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Secobarbital: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as barbiturates. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Sedating H1-blockers: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
    Sevoflurane: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as general anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently. Additionally, the concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Use caution when administering other tetracyclines.
    Sodium Bicarbonate: (Major) Early reports noted an increase in the excretion of tetracyclines during coadministration with sodium bicarbonate, and that the oral absorption of tetracyclines is reduced by sodium bicarbonate via increased gastric pH. However, conflicting data have been reported, and further study is needed. Two recent studies show no effect of oral sodium bicarbonate administration on tetracycline oral bioavailability. In one of these trials, coadministration with sodium bicarbonate was reported to have no effect on tetracycline urinary excretion, Cmax, or AUC. Until more information is available, avoid simultaneous administration of sodium bicarbonate and tetracyclines. When concurrent therapy is needed, stagger administration times by several hours to minimize the potential for interaction, and monitor for antimicrobial efficacy.
    Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex; ferric pyrophosphate citrate: (Moderate) Separate administration of tetracyclines and iron by 2 to 3 hours. Iron may decrease the oral bioavailability of tetracyclines.
    Sodium picosulfate; Magnesium oxide; Anhydrous citric acid: (Major) Prior or concomitant use of antibiotics with sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid may reduce efficacy of the bowel preparation as conversion of sodium picosulfate to its active metabolite bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM) is mediated by colonic bacteria. If possible, avoid coadministration. Certain antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines and quinolones) may chelate with the magnesium in sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution. Therefore, these antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before and not less than 6 hours after the administration of sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution.
    Sodium Sulfate; Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Chloride: (Moderate) Administer oral magnesium-containing products at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after orally administered tetracyclines. Tetracycline absorption may be reduced as tetracycline antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
    Sucralfate: (Moderate) Sucralfate should be given 2 hours before or after the oral administration of tetracyclines. Divalent or trivalent cations readily chelate with tetracycline antibiotics, forming insoluble compounds. The oral absorption of these antibiotics will be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain aluminum salts, calcium salts, iron salts, magnesium salts, and/or zinc salts. Sucralfate, because it contains aluminum in its structure and due to its mechanism of action, can bind with tetracyclines in the GI tract, reducing the bioavailability of these agents.
    Sufentanil: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tapentadol: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tazarotene: (Moderate) The manufacturer states that tazarotene should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as tetracyclines, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
    Temazepam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tetracaine: (Moderate) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as local anesthetics. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Thiethylperazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Thioridazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tramadol: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tramadol; Acetaminophen: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tretinoin, ATRA: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin and systemic tetracyclines due to the potential for increased cranial pressure and an increased risk of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension). Pseudotumor cerebri has been reported with both systemic retinoid and tetracycline use alone. Early signs and symptoms include papilledema, headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances.
    Triazolam: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Tricyclic antidepressants: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Trifluoperazine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as phenothiazines. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Trimipramine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as antidepressants. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Triprolidine: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants, such as sedating H1-blockers. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
    Verteporfin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of verteporfin with tetracyclines is necessary due to the risk of increased photosensitivity. Verteporfin is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy; all patients treated with verteporfin will be photosensitive. Concomitant use of other photosensitizing agents like tetracyclines may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
    Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Minor) Consider additional monitoring or alternative antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections in which clinical response is highly dependent upon the rapid, bactericidal activity of penicillins. Bacterostatic antibacterials like tetracyclines may antagonize the bactericidal effects of penicillins which may reduce their efficacy. The clinical relevance of this interaction is poorly defined and for many infections the benefits of combination therapy are likely to outweigh the potential risks.
    Warfarin: (Moderate) Tetracyclines may increase the action of warfarin and other oral anticoagulants by either impairing prothrombin utilization or, possibly, decreasing production of vitamin K because of its antiinfective action on gut bacteria. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Additionally, increased monitoring of the INR, especially during initiation and upon discontinuation of the antibiotic, may be necessary.
    Zinc Salts: (Major) Concurrent administration of oral zinc salts with oral tetracyclines can decrease the absorption of these antiinfectives and possibly interfere with their therapeutic response. This is a result of the formation of insoluble chelates between zinc and the antiinfective. Oral zinc supplements should be administered at least 6 hours before or 2 hours after administering tetracyclines.
    Zinc: (Major) Concurrent administration of oral zinc salts with oral tetracyclines can decrease the absorption of these antiinfectives and possibly interfere with their therapeutic response. This is a result of the formation of insoluble chelates between zinc and the antiinfective. Oral zinc supplements should be administered at least 6 hours before or 2 hours after administering tetracyclines.

    PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

    Pregnancy

    Minocycline, like all tetracyclines, crosses the placenta and may cause fetal harm when administered during human pregnancy. In a nested, case-control study (n = 87,020 controls; 8,702 cases) within the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort, tetracycline use during early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.59, 95% CI: 1.97 to 3.41, 67 exposed cases); residual confounding by severity of infection may be a potential limitation of this study. Additionally, tetracyclines affect the dentin and enamel of developing teeth during the second and third trimesters and may cause permanent yellow or brown discoloration and enamel hypoplasia. Tooth development occurs during the last half of pregnancy, infancy, and childhood. Tooth discoloration (yellow-gray-brown) is more common during the long-term use of the drug but has been observed after repeated short-term courses. Tetracyclines, therefore, should not be used during pregnancy during the time of tooth development unless other drugs are not likely to be effective or are contraindicated. All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in premature human babies given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every 6 hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued. Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryotoxicity has been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. Post-marketing reports have included cases of congenital anomalies, including limb reduction. If minocycline is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking the medication, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Minocycline microspheres for periodontitis have not been clinically tested in pregnant women. Systemic exposure of topical minocycline is low, and it is not expected that maternal use of topical minocycline will result in significant fetal exposure.

    Tetracyclines, including minocycline, are distributed in small amounts into breast milk. In general, tetracycline antibiotics, including minocycline, should not be used in breast-feeding mothers due to a theoretical risk of causing teeth discoloration, enamel hypoplasia, inhibition of linear skeletal growth, oral and vaginal thrush, or photosensitivity reactions in the nursing infant.[41812] A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.[35529] [41812] [58931] It is not known whether minocycline is present in human milk after topical administration to the nursing mother; therefore, breast-feeding is not recommended.[64696] [65496] Because tetracyclines bind to calcium in the maternal breast milk, the risk for oral absorption by the infant may be minimal.[47299] Doxycycline may be a potential alternative within the same class to consider during breast-feeding; after doses of 100 mg or 200 mg PO, milk concentrations do not exceed an average of 1.8 mg/L.[33777] [33778] [33779] [33780] Based on breast milk concentrations after doxycycline doses of 100 mg/day, the estimated average intake of an exclusively breastfed infant would be about 6% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage.[33776]

    MECHANISM OF ACTION

    Minocycline is generally bacteriostatic against most organisms, although high concentrations of tetracyclines may be bactericidal. Bacteriostatic action appears to be a result of reversible binding to ribosomal units of susceptible organisms and inhibition of protein synthesis. Tetracyclines gain access to the ribosome after passive diffusion through porin channels in the bacterial membrane; however, minocycline, because of its lipid solubility, may also pass directly through the lipid bilayer. An active transport process also exists in bacterial cells. Tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This prevents binding of tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, interfering with protein synthesis. Only multiplying organisms are affected. In general, gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible than are gram-negative bacteria. Tetracycline resistance in community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) isolates is primarily associated with the tetK gene. The tetM resistance gene confers resistance to the entire class; however, the tetK gene confers resistance to tetracycline and an inducible resistance to doxycycline, but has no impact on minocycline susceptibility.[26456] [35529] [41812] [46693]
     
    The susceptibility interpretive criteria for minocycline are delineated by pathogen. The MICs are defined for Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter sp., B. cepacia complex, S. maltophilia, other non-Enterobacterales, Staphylococcus sp., and Enterococcus sp. as susceptible at 4 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 8 mcg/mL, and resistant at 16 mcg/mL or more. The MIC for N. meningitidis is defined as susceptible at 2 mcg/mL or less and is only appropriate for prophylaxis and does not apply to invasive disease.[63320] [63321]

    PHARMACOKINETICS

    Minocycline is administered orally, intravenously, subgingivally, or topically. Minocycline is about 76% protein-bound and is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids, although CSF penetration is poor.
     
    The primary mode of minocycline elimination is hepatobiliary. Minocycline appears to be partially metabolized; up to 6 metabolites have been described and are found in the urine. About 5% to 12% of minocycline is recovered in the urine. Fecal elimination accounts for 20% to 35% of the dose. In patients with normal renal function, serum half-life ranges from 11 to 24 hours.
     
    Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: none

    Oral Route

    Minocycline is roughly 95% to 100% absorbed after an oral dose. Regular and extended-release minocycline formulations are not bioequivalent. After a single 200 mg dose of minocycline regular-release capsules in 18 fasting adult volunteers, peak serum concentrations were attained in 1 to 4 hours (average 2.1 hours) and ranged from 2.1 to 5.1 mcg/mL (average 3.5 mcg/mL). In another minocycline 200 mg single-dose study of regular-release capsules (n = 10), serum concentrations ranged from 0.74 to 4.45 mcg/mL (average 2.24 mcg/mL) an hour after the dose and 0.34 to 2.36 mcg/mL (average 1.25 mcg/mL) at 12 hours after the dose. After a single minocycline 100 mg dose of regular-release tablets (n = 28), maximum serum concentrations were obtained in 1 to 3 hours (average 1.71 hours) and ranged from 491.71 to 1,292.7 ng/mL (average 758.29 ng/mL). In a study of healthy volunteers, the Tmax of minocycline from extended-release tablets (Solodyn) occurred within 3.5 to 4 hours whereas the Tmax from regular tablets occurred at 2.25 to 3 hours. The Tmax of another extended-release tablet (Minolira) occurred at 1 to 4.5 hours (mean 2 hours).
     
    Absorption of minocycline is not significantly reduced when administered with food or milk. The extent of absorption is generally unchanged, but absorption may be delayed by approximately an hour. Absorption can be decreased, however, if minocycline is administered with any compound that contains chelating ions such as aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, or zinc.

    Intravenous Route

    After a single minocycline 200 mg IV dose in 10 healthy male patients, minocycline serum concentrations ranged from 2.52 to 6.63 mcg/mL (average 4.18 mcg/mL) at the end of the infusion and 0.82 to 2.64 mcg/mL (average 1.38 mcg/mL) after 12 hours. After a 3-day course of minocycline 100 mg IV every 12 hours in 5 healthy male patients, serum concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 mcg/mL at the end of the dosing interval. After a 3-day course of minocycline 200 mg IV once daily, minocycline serum concentrations were approximately 1 mcg/mL at 24 hours.

    Topical Route

    In a study (n = 30) in which patients with acne vulgaris applied approximately 4 g of minocycline 4% foam to the face, neck, upper chest, upper back, shoulder, and upper arms once daily for 21 days, the mean Cmax was 1.3 +/- 0.6 ng/mL and the mean AUC was 23 +/- 10.8 ng x hour/mL at day 21. Steady-state was reached by day 6 and systemic accumulation of minocycline was not evident.[64696] In another study (n = 20) in which adult patients with inflammatory lesions of rosacea applied approximately 2 g of minocycline 1.5% foam topically to the face once daily for 14 days, the mean Cmax was on day 1 was 1.3 +/- 0.9 ng/mL and the mean AUC was 22.5 +/- 16.2 ng x hour/mL. After daily application for 14 days, steady-state was reached by day 1 and systemic accumulation was not evident.[65496]

    Other Route(s)

    Subgingival Route
    In a pharmacokinetic study (n = 18), adult patients with moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis received a mean dose of 46.2 mg (25 to 112 unit doses) of subgingival minocycline. After fasting for at least 10 hours, patients received minocycline subgingival application after scaling and root planing at a minimum of 30 sites on at least 8 teeth. The mean dose normalized saliva AUC and Cmax were approximately 125 and 1000 times higher than serum parameters, respectively.